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A Minimal Set of Lectures Notes

8 Interoperability & FAIR

8.1 OGC Standards

OGC Standards lie at the heart of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) geospatial information. For three decades now, OGC Standards have been used by thousands of organizations across the globe to ensure interoperability and maximize the value of their geospatial data. Developed through consensus, and backed by government and organizations across the globe, OGC Standards provide the stable platform upon which geospatial innovation is built.

OGC’s free and open geospatial Standards define interoperable approaches to Data Encoding, Data Access, Data Processing, Data Visualization, and Metadata and Catalogue Services.

See:

8.2 Types of Standards

8.2.1 Data Encoding standards

  • GeoPackage
  • Geography Markup Language (GML)
  • IndoorGML

8.2.2 Data Access Standards

  • OGC API - Features
  • OGC API - Environmental Data Retrieval
  • Web Feature Service (WFS)
  • Web Coverage Service (WCS)
  • SensorThings API
  • Sensor Observation Service (SOS)

8.2.2.1 OGC APIs

OGC APIs are designed to make it easy for ANYONE to provide and use geospatial data on the web, and to integrate this data with ANY other type of information. These Standards build upon the legacy of the OGC Web Service Standards (WMS, WFS, WCS, WPS, etc.), but define resource-centric APIs that take advantage of modern web development practices. This web page provides information on these Standards in a consolidated location..

Video on “The Building Blocks for Location” [YouTube].

8.2.3 Processing Standards

  • Web Processing Service (WPS)
  • OGC API - Processes

8.2.4 Visualization Standards

  • Web Map Service (WMS)
  • Web Map Tile Service (WMTS)
  • KML
  • Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD)
  • Symbology Encoding (SE)
  • OGC API - Tiles

8.2.4.1 WMS

8.2.5 Metadata and Catalogue Services Standards

  • Metadata
  • OGC EO Dataset Metadata GeoJSON
  • Catalogue Services for the Web (CSW)

8.2.5.1 CSW

8.3 QGIS

8.3.1 How to work with OGC protocols

8.4 Some (forest) data

8.4.1 Global Forest Watch (GFW)

8.4.1.1 GFW > Global land cover > Land Cover Indonesia

Indicates land cover, classified by type for the area of Indonesia.

8.4.1.1.1 Exercise

Visualize Indonesia maps in QGIS using the WMS link.

8.4.2 Intact Forest Landscapes (2013)

8.5 WCS

8.5.1 LandSupport

  1. go to –> https://rasdev.landsupport.eu/rasdaman/ows
  2. select –> ProcessCoverages panel
  3. insert one of the queries below and press Execute

8.5.1.1 query 01 | Retrieve a portion of the European DEM: 

for $c in EU_DEM
let $a := [Y(2028534:2030948),X(4704152:4705522)]
return
 encode(
  $c[$a], "tiff"
 )

8.5.1.2 query 02 | Transform elevation data using algebraic operations:

In this case, we are calculating the yearly average air temperature considering a linear regression model:

\(T_{air}^{year} = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \times DEM\)

where

  • \(\beta_0 = 17.800\;\;[\,°C\,]\)
  • \(\beta_1 = -0.0059\;\;[\,°C\;m^{-1}\,]\)
for $c in EU_DEM
let $a := [Y(2028534:2030948),X(4704152:4705522)],
    $beta0 := 17.8,
    $beta1 := -0.0059
return
 encode(
  $beta0 + $beta1 * $c[$a], "tiff"
 )

See these resources for more details about the temperature vs elevation relationship: