Chapter 5 Raster Data Model | A Minimal Set of Lectures Notes

5.1 Useful links

5.2 Load libraries

library(sf)       # vector spatial data classes and functions
#library(raster)  # [OLD] raster spatial data classes and functions
library(terra)    # [NEW] raster spatial data classes and functions
library(tmap)     # noninteractive and interactive maps
library(stars)    # spatiotemporal arrays classes and functions
library(ggplot2)  # non-spatial and spatial plotting
library(units)    # units conversions

5.3 Schematic representation of a raster

5.3.1 Raster schema

Figure 5.1: Raster Schema.

5.3.2 Raster bands

Figure 5.2: Logical and physical representation of the raster bands.

5.3.3 Raster data & metadata

We can distinguish two blocks in a raster (also called grid):

metadata, such as
- class, e.g. SpatRaster, (OLD: RasterLayer)
- size, e.g. 3264 x 4800 pixels (nrows x ncols)
- resolution, e.g. 5 meters (synonims are CELLSIZE, PIXELSIZE)
- extent / bounding box (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
- crs (a geographic or projected coordinate system, generally in the proj4 format or EPSG code)
- no data value, e.g. -9999 (synonims are NODATAVALUE, NODATA)
- source (location of file on hard disk, such as ../docente_Langella/Raster-Data/dem5m_vt.tif)
data, that is a matrix (=grid) of cells (=pixels)
- the grid of cells has size nrows x ncols
- each cell in a grid store one numeric value (e.g. integer or double number)
- (we can have multiple layers as depicted in the multidimensional raster data representaion)

5.4 Import raster | example: D.E.M.

The command ?rast search for raster string in the documentation.
If the terra package is not loaded in R, the command below gives a warning that nothing was found.

?rast

Load the terra package in R

library(terra)

The command below open the documentation of the rast() function of the terra package in the help:

?rast

getwd()
#> [1] "/home/giuliano/lectures"

5.4.1 Import (i.e. read) a raster

One of the most common rasters used worldwide is the one storing the elevation of each point of land surface.
This kind of raster is called D.E.M., that is Digital Elevation Model.
The raster has the data matrix in which each pixel stores the value of elevation of that surface on Earth.

Any time we are interested in reading a geodata (raster or vector) we need three diferent information:

path to the file (e.g. ../datasets/raster/),
file name (dem5m_vt),
file extension (tif), use a point to separate the filename and the extension.

dem <- rast("../datasets/raster/dem5m_vt.tif")

class(dem)
#> [1] "SpatRaster"
#> attr(,"package")
#> [1] "terra"

hasValues(dem)
#> [1] TRUE

5.4.1.1 Plot raster

plot(dem, main = "Elevation in Telesina Valley")

5.4.2 Metadata

5.4.2.1 Print the dem metadata

dem
#> class       : SpatRaster 
#> size        : 3264, 4800, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
#> resolution  : 5, 5  (x, y)
#> extent      : 453000, 477000, 4556000, 4572320  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N (EPSG:32633) 
#> source      : dem5m_vt.tif 
#> name        : dem5m_vt

5.4.2.2 Extent

ext(dem)
#> SpatExtent : 453000, 477000, 4556000, 4572320 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)

5.4.2.3 Bounding Box

st_bbox(dem)
#>    xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
#>  453000 4556000  477000 4572320

Figure 5.3: Bounding Box Visualization

ymax(dem)
#> [1] 4572320

5.4.2.4 Pixelsize or (spatial) resolution

res(dem)
#> [1] 5 5

5.4.2.5 How many rows are in the height of the bounding box?

Written using the metadata from the print of dem above:

(4572320 - 4556000)/5
#> [1] 3264

Written using the R object dem called by dedicated functions > ymax() , ymin() , res()

(ymax(dem) - ymin(dem))/res(dem)[1] # find the error
#> [1] 3264

5.4.2.6 About the Coordinate Reference System\(\ldots\)

Using terra::crs:

terra::crs(dem)  # {terra} 
#> [1] "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N\",\n    BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n        ID[\"EPSG\",4326]],\n    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 33N\",\n        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",15,\n            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n    CS[Cartesian,2],\n        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n            ORDER[1],\n            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n            ORDER[2],\n            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n    USAGE[\n        SCOPE[\"Engineering survey, topographic mapping.\"],\n        AREA[\"Between 12°E and 18°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Austria. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cameroon. Central African Republic. Chad. Congo. Croatia. Czechia. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Gabon. Germany. Hungary. Italy. Libya. Malta. Niger. Nigeria. Norway. Poland. San Marino. Slovakia. Slovenia. Svalbard. Sweden. Vatican City State.\"],\n        BBOX[0,12,84,18]],\n    ID[\"EPSG\",32633]]"

Note: if you use the cat() function to print the previous command, you’ll get the same result as given below. Please, try it!

Using sf::st_crs:

sf::st_crs(dem)  # {sf}
#> Coordinate Reference System:
#>   User input: WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N 
#>   wkt:
#> PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N",
#>     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",
#>         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
#>             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
#>                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
#>         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
#>             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
#>         ID["EPSG",4326]],
#>     CONVERSION["UTM zone 33N",
#>         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",
#>             ID["EPSG",9807]],
#>         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,
#>             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
#>             ID["EPSG",8801]],
#>         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",15,
#>             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
#>             ID["EPSG",8802]],
#>         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,
#>             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],
#>             ID["EPSG",8805]],
#>         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
#>             ID["EPSG",8806]],
#>         PARAMETER["False northing",0,
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
#>             ID["EPSG",8807]]],
#>     CS[Cartesian,2],
#>         AXIS["(E)",east,
#>             ORDER[1],
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
#>         AXIS["(N)",north,
#>             ORDER[2],
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
#>     USAGE[
#>         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],
#>         AREA["Between 12°E and 18°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Austria. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cameroon. Central African Republic. Chad. Congo. Croatia. Czechia. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Gabon. Germany. Hungary. Italy. Libya. Malta. Niger. Nigeria. Norway. Poland. San Marino. Slovakia. Slovenia. Svalbard. Sweden. Vatican City State."],
#>         BBOX[0,12,84,18]],
#>     ID["EPSG",32633]]

5.4.3 Data

5.4.3.1 Read the value of the raster in the first row and first column:

(Please note that in this example we have a DEM, but it could be any other variable!!)

dem[1, 1]
#>   dem5m_vt
#> 1    217.7

5.4.3.2 Read the value of the raster in the first two rows and first two columns:

dem[1:2, 1:2]
#>   dem5m_vt
#> 1    217.7
#> 2    218.2
#> 3    217.6
#> 4    218.0

5.4.4 Extract

Calculate the mean X and Y of the bounding box of the DEM above, which can be also considered as the center of gravity of the DEM.

Average coordinates:

Xmean <- mean( c(xmin(dem), xmax(dem)) )
Ymean <- mean( c(ymin(dem), ymax(dem)) )

Xmean
#> [1] 465000
Ymean
#> [1] 4564160

Extract the elevation value for the DEM center of gravity:

extract( dem, cbind(Xmean,Ymean) )
#>   dem5m_vt
#> 1    97.55

Now analyse the situation from the point of view of the row-column dem subsetting.

This instruction selects the upper-left pixel of the 2x2 pixel box centered on the center of gravity:

dem[ nrow(dem)/2 , ncol(dem)/2 ]
#>   dem5m_vt
#> 1     98.8

Indeed, the same value provided by the extract function is returned selecting the lower-right pixel of the 2x2 pixel box centered on the center of gravity (see +1):

dem[ nrow(dem)/2 +1 , ncol(dem)/2 +1 ]
#>   dem5m_vt
#> 1    97.55

5.4.4.0.1 Exercise

Fulfil the assignment given at Raster geodata > Extract

5.5 Create new raster from scratch

5.5.1 We must provide Bounding Box, resolution and CRS

GRID <- rast( xmin = 453000, 
              xmax = 477000, 
              ymin = 4556000, 
              ymax = 4572320, 
              resolution = 25, 
              crs = "epsg:32633")

Print the metadata of the raster created above:

GRID
#> class       : SpatRaster 
#> size        : 653, 960, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
#> resolution  : 25, 25  (x, y)
#> extent      : 453000, 477000, 4556000, 4572325  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N (EPSG:32633)

Remove the CRS:

crs(GRID) <- NULL

Check the CRS:

GRID
#> class       : SpatRaster 
#> size        : 653, 960, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
#> resolution  : 25, 25  (x, y)
#> extent      : 453000, 477000, 4556000, 4572325  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. :

Define a CRS:

crs(GRID) <- "epsg:32633"

Check the CRS again:

GRID
#> class       : SpatRaster 
#> size        : 653, 960, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
#> resolution  : 25, 25  (x, y)
#> extent      : 453000, 477000, 4556000, 4572325  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N (EPSG:32633)

5.5.2 Initialise a CRS

The CRS can be initialised using the st_crs() function and passing a CRS code in EPSG format.
In this case, we use the EPSG code 32633.
(Remember to provide the EPSG code associated to the coordinates used in xmn, xmx, ymn, ymx)

st_crs(32633)       # {sf}
#> Coordinate Reference System:
#>   User input: EPSG:32633 
#>   wkt:
#> PROJCRS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N",
#>     BASEGEOGCRS["WGS 84",
#>         DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
#>             ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
#>                 LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
#>         PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
#>             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
#>         ID["EPSG",4326]],
#>     CONVERSION["UTM zone 33N",
#>         METHOD["Transverse Mercator",
#>             ID["EPSG",9807]],
#>         PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",0,
#>             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
#>             ID["EPSG",8801]],
#>         PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",15,
#>             ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
#>             ID["EPSG",8802]],
#>         PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9996,
#>             SCALEUNIT["unity",1],
#>             ID["EPSG",8805]],
#>         PARAMETER["False easting",500000,
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
#>             ID["EPSG",8806]],
#>         PARAMETER["False northing",0,
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
#>             ID["EPSG",8807]]],
#>     CS[Cartesian,2],
#>         AXIS["(E)",east,
#>             ORDER[1],
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
#>         AXIS["(N)",north,
#>             ORDER[2],
#>             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
#>     USAGE[
#>         SCOPE["Engineering survey, topographic mapping."],
#>         AREA["Between 12°E and 18°E, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Austria. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cameroon. Central African Republic. Chad. Congo. Croatia. Czechia. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Gabon. Germany. Hungary. Italy. Libya. Malta. Niger. Nigeria. Norway. Poland. San Marino. Slovakia. Slovenia. Svalbard. Sweden. Vatican City State."],
#>         BBOX[0,12,84,18]],
#>     ID["EPSG",32633]]
# Or:
# crs("epsg:32633") # {terra}

5.5.3 Raster size

Get information about the size of the raster:

ncol(GRID)
#> [1] 960
nrow(GRID)
#> [1] 653
ncell(GRID)
#> [1] 626880

5.5.4 Matrix of values

Has the raster GRID values in the matrix?
Was the matrix of values initialised at all?

hasValues(GRID)
#> [1] FALSE

5.5.4.1 Set random values in the raster

Naturally, it’s a dummy operation to understand how it works:

values(GRID) <- 1:ncell(GRID)

Just to play with it, set the value of the first pixel as missing:

GRID[1, 1] <- NA

Do we have values writtern in the matrix?

hasValues(GRID)
#> [1] TRUE

5.5.5 Plot the raster

plot(GRID, main = "Dummy valorization of the raster")

5.6 Raster drivers / formats

Here follows the list of drivers that are available in the current GDAL installation:

tab = terra::gdal(drivers = TRUE)

name	raster	vector	can	vsi	long.name
AAIGrid	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Arc/Info ASCII Grid
ACE2	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	ACE2
ADRG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ARC Digitized Raster Graphics
AIG	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Arc/Info Binary Grid
AirSAR	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	AirSAR Polarimetric Image
AmigoCloud	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	AmigoCloud
ARCGEN	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Arc/Info Generate
ARG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Azavea Raster Grid format
AVCBin	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Arc/Info Binary Coverage
AVCE00	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Arc/Info E00 (ASCII) Coverage
BAG	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Bathymetry Attributed Grid
BIGGIF	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
BLX	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Magellan topo (.blx)
BMP	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	MS Windows Device Independent Bitmap
BSB	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Maptech BSB Nautical Charts
BT	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	VTP .bt (Binary Terrain) 1.3 Format
BYN	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Natural Resources Canada’s Geoid
CAD	TRUE	TRUE	read	TRUE	AutoCAD Driver
CALS	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	CALS (Type 1)
Carto	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	Carto
CEOS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	CEOS Image
Cloudant	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	Cloudant / CouchDB
COASP	TRUE	FALSE	read	FALSE	DRDC COASP SAR Processor Raster
COG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Cloud optimized GeoTIFF generator
COSAR	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	COSAR Annotated Binary Matrix (TerraSAR-X)
CouchDB	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	CouchDB / GeoCouch
CPG	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Convair PolGASP
CSV	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Comma Separated Value (.csv)
CSW	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	OGC CSW (Catalog Service for the Web)
CTable2	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	CTable2 Datum Grid Shift
CTG	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	USGS LULC Composite Theme Grid
DAAS	TRUE	FALSE	read	FALSE	Airbus DS Intelligence Data As A Service driver
DERIVED	TRUE	FALSE	read	FALSE	Derived datasets using VRT pixel functions
DGN	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Microstation DGN
DIMAP	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	SPOT DIMAP
DIPEx	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	DIPEx
DOQ1	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	USGS DOQ (Old Style)
DOQ2	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	USGS DOQ (New Style)
DTED	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	DTED Elevation Raster
DXF	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	AutoCAD DXF
ECRGTOC	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	ECRG TOC format
EDIGEO	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	French EDIGEO exchange format
EEDA	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	Earth Engine Data API
EEDAI	TRUE	FALSE	read	FALSE	Earth Engine Data API Image
EHdr	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ESRI .hdr Labelled
EIR	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Erdas Imagine Raw
ELAS	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ELAS
Elasticsearch	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	Elastic Search
ENVI	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ENVI .hdr Labelled
ERS	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ERMapper .ers Labelled
ESAT	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Envisat Image Format
ESRI Shapefile	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	ESRI Shapefile
ESRIC	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Esri Compact Cache
ESRIJSON	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	ESRIJSON
FAST	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	EOSAT FAST Format
FIT	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	FIT Image
FITS	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	Flexible Image Transport System
FlatGeobuf	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	FlatGeobuf
FujiBAS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Fuji BAS Scanner Image
GenBin	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Generic Binary (.hdr Labelled)
Geoconcept	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Geoconcept
GeoJSON	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	GeoJSON
GeoJSONSeq	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	GeoJSON Sequence
Geomedia	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	Geomedia .mdb
GeoRSS	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	GeoRSS
GFF	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Ground-based SAR Applications Testbed File Format (.gff)
GIF	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
GML	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Geography Markup Language (GML)
GMLAS	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Geography Markup Language (GML) driven by application schemas
GMT	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	GMT NetCDF Grid Format
GNMDatabase	FALSE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	Geographic Network generic DB based model
GNMFile	FALSE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	Geographic Network generic file based model
GPKG	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	GeoPackage
GPSBabel	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	GPSBabel
GPSTrackMaker	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	GPSTrackMaker
GPX	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	GPX
GRASSASCIIGrid	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	GRASS ASCII Grid
GRIB	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	GRIdded Binary (.grb, .grb2)
GS7BG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Golden Software 7 Binary Grid (.grd)
GSAG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Golden Software ASCII Grid (.grd)
GSBG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Golden Software Binary Grid (.grd)
GSC	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	GSC Geogrid
GTiff	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	GeoTIFF
GTX	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	NOAA Vertical Datum .GTX
GXF	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	GeoSoft Grid Exchange Format
HDF4	TRUE	FALSE	read	FALSE	Hierarchical Data Format Release 4
HDF4Image	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	HDF4 Dataset
HDF5	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Hierarchical Data Format Release 5
HDF5Image	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	HDF5 Dataset
HEIF	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	ISO/IEC 23008-12:2017 High Efficiency Image File Format
HF2	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	HF2/HFZ heightfield raster
HFA	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Erdas Imagine Images (.img)
HTTP	TRUE	TRUE	read	FALSE	HTTP Fetching Wrapper
IDA	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Image Data and Analysis
Idrisi	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Idrisi Vector (.vct)
ILWIS	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ILWIS Raster Map
INGR	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Intergraph Raster
Interlis 1	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Interlis 1
Interlis 2	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Interlis 2
IRIS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	IRIS data (.PPI, .CAPPi etc)
ISCE	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ISCE raster
ISG	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	International Service for the Geoid
ISIS2	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 2)
ISIS3	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 3)
JAXAPALSAR	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	JAXA PALSAR Product Reader (Level 1.1/1.5)
JDEM	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Japanese DEM (.mem)
JML	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	OpenJUMP JML
JP2OpenJPEG	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	JPEG-2000 driver based on OpenJPEG library
JPEG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	JPEG JFIF
JPEGLS	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	JPEGLS
KML	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
KMLSUPEROVERLAY	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Kml Super Overlay
KRO	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	KOLOR Raw
L1B	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	NOAA Polar Orbiter Level 1b Data Set
LAN	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Erdas .LAN/.GIS
LCP	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	FARSITE v.4 Landscape File (.lcp)
Leveller	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Leveller heightfield
LIBKML	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Keyhole Markup Language (LIBKML)
LOSLAS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	NADCON .los/.las Datum Grid Shift
LVBAG	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Kadaster LV BAG Extract 2.0
MAP	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	OziExplorer .MAP
MapInfo File	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	MapInfo File
MapML	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	MapML
MBTiles	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	MBTiles
MEM	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	In Memory Raster
Memory	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	Memory
MFF	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Vexcel MFF Raster
MFF2	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	Vexcel MFF2 (HKV) Raster
MRF	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Meta Raster Format
MSGN	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	EUMETSAT Archive native (.nat)
MSSQLSpatial	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	Microsoft SQL Server Spatial Database
MVT	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Mapbox Vector Tiles
MySQL	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	MySQL
NAS	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	NAS - ALKIS
NDF	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	NLAPS Data Format
netCDF	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Network Common Data Format
NGSGEOID	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	NOAA NGS Geoid Height Grids
NGW	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	NextGIS Web
NITF	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	National Imagery Transmission Format
NTv2	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	NTv2 Datum Grid Shift
NWT_GRC	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Northwood Classified Grid Format .grc/.tab
NWT_GRD	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Northwood Numeric Grid Format .grd/.tab
OAPIF	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	OGC API - Features
ODBC	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE
ODS	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Open Document/ LibreOffice / OpenOffice Spreadsheet
OGCAPI	TRUE	TRUE	read	TRUE	OGCAPI
OGR_GMT	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	GMT ASCII Vectors (.gmt)
OGR_OGDI	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	OGDI Vectors (VPF, VMAP, DCW)
OGR_PDS	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Planetary Data Systems TABLE
OGR_SDTS	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	SDTS
OGR_VRT	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	VRT - Virtual Datasource
OpenFileGDB	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	ESRI FileGDB
OSM	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	OpenStreetMap XML and PBF
OZI	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	OziExplorer Image File
PAux	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	PCI .aux Labelled
PCIDSK	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	PCIDSK Database File
PCRaster	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	PCRaster Raster File
PDF	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Geospatial PDF
PDS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	NASA Planetary Data System
PDS4	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	NASA Planetary Data System 4
PGDUMP	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	PostgreSQL SQL dump
PGeo	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	ESRI Personal GeoDatabase
PLMOSAIC	TRUE	FALSE	read	FALSE	Planet Labs Mosaics API
PLSCENES	TRUE	TRUE	read	FALSE	Planet Labs Scenes API
PNG	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Portable Network Graphics
PNM	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Portable Pixmap Format (netpbm)
PostGISRaster	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	FALSE	PostGIS Raster driver
PostgreSQL	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	FALSE	PostgreSQL/PostGIS
PRF	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Racurs PHOTOMOD PRF
R	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	R Object Data Store
Rasterlite	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Rasterlite
RDA	TRUE	FALSE	read	FALSE	DigitalGlobe Raster Data Access driver
REC	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	EPIInfo .REC
RIK	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Swedish Grid RIK (.rik)
RMF	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Raster Matrix Format
ROI_PAC	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ROI_PAC raster
RPFTOC	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Raster Product Format TOC format
RRASTER	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	R Raster
RS2	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	RadarSat 2 XML Product
RST	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Idrisi Raster A.1
S57	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	IHO S-57 (ENC)
SAFE	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Sentinel-1 SAR SAFE Product
SAGA	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	SAGA GIS Binary Grid (.sdat, .sg-grd-z)
SAR_CEOS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	CEOS SAR Image
SDTS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	SDTS Raster
Selafin	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	Selafin
SENTINEL2	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Sentinel 2
SGI	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	SGI Image File Format 1.0
SIGDEM	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Scaled Integer Gridded DEM .sigdem
SNODAS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Snow Data Assimilation System
SOSI	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	Norwegian SOSI Standard
SQLite	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	SQLite / Spatialite
SRP	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Standard Raster Product (ASRP/USRP)
SRTMHGT	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	SRTMHGT File Format
STACIT	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalog Items
STACTA	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalog Tiled Assets
SVG	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Scalable Vector Graphics
SXF	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	Storage and eXchange Format
Terragen	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Terragen heightfield
TGA	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	TGA/TARGA Image File Format
TIGER	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	U.S. Census TIGER/Line
TIL	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	EarthWatch .TIL
TopoJSON	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	TopoJSON
TSX	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	TerraSAR-X Product
UK .NTF	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	UK .NTF
USGSDEM	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	USGS Optional ASCII DEM (and CDED)
VDV	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	VDV-451/VDV-452/INTREST Data Format
VFK	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	Czech Cadastral Exchange Data Format
VICAR	TRUE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	MIPL VICAR file
VRT	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Virtual Raster
Walk	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE
WAsP	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	WAsP .map format
WCS	TRUE	FALSE	read	TRUE	OGC Web Coverage Service
WEBP	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	WEBP
WFS	FALSE	TRUE	read	TRUE	OGC WFS (Web Feature Service)
WMS	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	OGC Web Map Service
WMTS	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	OGC Web Map Tile Service
XLS	FALSE	TRUE	read	FALSE	MS Excel format
XLSX	FALSE	TRUE	read/write	TRUE	MS Office Open XML spreadsheet
XPM	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	X11 PixMap Format
XYZ	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ASCII Gridded XYZ
Zarr	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	Zarr
ZMap	TRUE	FALSE	read/write	TRUE	ZMap Plus Grid

5.7 Export raster

terra::writeRaster( GRID, "DummyRaster.tif", overwrite=TRUE )

A Minimal Set of Lectures Notes

5 Raster Data Model